Source: Wikipedia
| Conocybe apala | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Bolbitiaceae |
| Genus: | Conocybe |
| Species: | C. apala
|
| Binomial name | |
| Conocybe apala (Fr.) Arnolds (2003)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Conocybe lactea | |
Conocybe apala | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is conical |
 | Hymenium is adnexed or free |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is brown to reddish-brown |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is unknown |
Conocybe apala is a basidiomycete fungus and a member of the genus Conocybe.
The species has been taxonomically reclassified a number of times. Until recently, it was also commonly called Conocybe lactea or Conocybe albipes and is colloquially known as the white dunce cap[1] or the milky conecap.[2]
It is a fairly common fungus, both in North America and Europe, found growing among short green grass.
Taxonomy
[edit]The basionym Agaricus apalus was described by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1818.[3] It was placed in the genus Bolbitius as B. albipes by G.H. Otth (1871),[4] then reclassified as Pluteolus apalus by the French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1886.[5] This was reclassified as Galera hapala (or Galera apala) in 1887 by Pier Andrea Saccardo,[6] then as Bolbitius apalus in 1891 by Julien Noël Costantin and Léon Jean Marie Dufour[7] and finally as Derminus apalus in 1898 by Paul Christoph Hennings.[8]
It was reclassified as Conocybe apala in 2003 by Everhardus Johannes Maria Arnolds.[9]
Description
[edit]The cap ranges from 1–3.5 centimetres (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) in diameter.[10][11] It has a pale cream to silvery-white colour and may sometimes have a darker yellow to brown coloration towards the central umbo. Its trademark hood-shaped conical cap expands with age and may flatten out, the surface being marked by minute radiating ridges. The stem is cap-coloured, elongated, thin, hollow and more or less equal along its length with a height up to 11 cm (4+1⁄4 in) and diameter of 1–3 mm.[12][13] It may bear dust and/or small hairs.[11]
The gills are close and tan before darkening to brown. They are adnexed or free and produce a rusty-brown spore print.[11] The spores are elliptical and brown to reddish-brown.
Very easily missed due to their very small size, the fruit bodies are otherwise quite easy to identify. The flesh has no discernible taste or smell and is extremely fragile to the touch.
-
Gill edge 400x -
Spores 1000x
Similar species
[edit]Similar species include Conocybe tenera,[10] C. deliquescens, Bolbitius lacteus (which has a flatter, slippery cap), Candolleomyces candolleanus (which is sturdier),[11] and Pholiotina rugosa.[10]
Habitat and distribution
[edit]Conocybe apala is a saprobe found in areas with rich soil and short grass such as pastures, playing fields, lawns, meadows as well as rotting manured straw, fruiting single or sparingly few ephemeral bodies. It is commonly found fruiting during humid, rainy weather with generally overcast skies. It will appear on sunny mornings while there is dew but will not persist once it evaporates. In most cases, by midday the delicate fruiting bodies shrivel, dry and bend from sight. The fruiting season begins in spring and ends in autumn.[12] It is distributed across Europe and North America.[14]
Edibility
[edit]The edibility is unknown, with one study finding phallotoxin in the caps.[15]
References
[edit]- ^ Index Fungorum – Names Record
- ^ "Milky Conecap (Conocybe apala)".
- ^ Fries, Elias (1818). Observationes mycologicae. Vol. v.2 (1818). Havniae: sumptibus G. Bonnieri. pp. 142–143.
- ^ G.H. Otth 1871.
- ^ Quélet, Lucien; Quélet, Lucien (1886). Enchiridion fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia vigentium. Lutetiae: O. Doin. p. 105.
- ^ Saccardo, P. A.; Saccardo, P. A.; Traverso, G. B.; Trotter, A. (1887). Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Vol. v.5 (1887). Patavii: sumptibus auctoris. p. 860.
- ^ Costantin, Julien Noël; Dufour, Léon Jean Marie (1891). Nouvelle flore des champignons, pour la détermination facile de toutes les espèces de France et de la plupart des espèces européennes, avec 3842 figures. Paris: Librairie classique et administrative. p. 116.
- ^ Engler, Adolf; Engler, Adolf; Krause, Kurt; Pilger, R.; Prantl, Karl (1900). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begründet. Vol. Teil 1, Abt.1**. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. p. 241.
- ^ Arnolds, EEF (2003). "Notulae Ad Floram Agaricinam Needlandicam - XL: New Combinations in Conocybe and Pholiotina" (PDF). Persoonia. 18 (2).
- ^ a b c Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ a b c d Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ a b "Conocybe albipes at Mushroom Expert". Mushroom Expert. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ M. Jordan (1995). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. David & Charles. p. 249. ISBN 0-7153-0129-2.
- ^ "Conocybe lactea at Rogers Mushrooms". Rogers Mushrooms. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ Hallen, Heather E.; Watling, Roy; Adams, Gerard C. (2003). "Taxonomy and toxicity of Conocybe lactea and related species". Mycological Research. 107 (8): 969–979. doi:10.1017/S0953756203008190. ISSN 0953-7562. PMID 14531619.
External links
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