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| Viola rafinesquei | |
|---|---|
| |
| A light morph flower growing in a sandy field along the mouth of the James River in southeastern Virginia | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | Viola |
| Species: | V. rafinesqueii
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| Binomial name | |
| Viola rafinesqueii | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Viola rafinesquii (syn. Viola bicolor), commonly known as the American field pansy or wild pansy, is an annual plant in the violet family found throughout much of North America.[2] There has been some debate as to whether the plant is native to North America or if it was introduced from the Old World as a variety of Viola kitaibeliana, but it is now generally thought to be native to the North America.[3] It is common in disturbed habitats but is also found in fields and open woods on substrates ranging from sandy soil to clay to limestone.[4][5][6]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The American field pansy is native to North America, and can be found throughout eastern and central United States[7]. It can also be found in Colorado[8].
Taxonomy
[edit]V. rafinesquii was originally classified as Viola tenella[9]. This name has since then been abandoned, as it was also used to refer to Viola kitaibeliana, which is native to Europe[10]. The wild pansy has also been categorized as Viola bicolor, which has since been determined to be the same plant[9]. V. bicolor was considered to be synonymous with Viola tricolor, however this plant is native to Europe[9].
References
[edit]- ^ "Viola bicolor". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2008-03-20.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Viola rafinesquei Greene". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
- ^ Flora of North America
- ^ Clausen, Jen; Channell, R.B.; Nur, Uzi (1964), "Viola rafinesquii, the only Melanium violet native to North America", Rhodora, 66 (17)
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ McKinney, Landon E.; Russel, Norman H. (2002), "Violaceae of the Southeastern United States", Castanea, 67 (4): 369–379, JSTOR 4034132
- ^ Hayden, W. John; Clough, John (1990), "Methyl Salicylate Secretory Cells in Roots of Viola arvensis and V. rafinesquii (Violaceae)", Castanea, 55 (1): 65–70, JSTOR 4033351
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Vascular Plants of North Carolina". auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov. Retrieved 2025-11-03.
- ^ Spotts, Alice Marial (1939). "The Violets of Colorado". Madroño. 5 (1): 16–27. ISSN 0024-9637.
- ^ a b c Clausen, Jens; Channell, R. B.; Nur, Uzi (1964). "Viola Rafinesquii, the Only Melanium Violet Native to North America". Rhodora. 66 (765): 32–46. ISSN 0035-4902.
- ^ "Viola kitaibeliana Schult. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2025-11-03.
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No page comments added.Synonyms
- American Field Pansy
- Viola rafinesquei